waders

The Ringed Plover differs from the smaller Little Ringed Plover in leg colour, head pattern, and the lack of an obvious yellow eye-ring. Most Ringed Plovers are long distant migrants, passing through here in May and September on their way between Africa and Greenland. A small British population stays here and doesn't move far, and a few others overwinter here, as Africa is a long way to go.

A Ringed Plover is brown, black and white and perfectly camouflaged for hiding on shingle beaches. It has a white forehead with a black band above, a black mask through its eyes, a white collar, and a black chest band. The back is brown and the underparts are white. The bill is yellow with a black tip and their legs are orange. They show a white wing bar in flight and white sides to the tail. Their flight is rapid and low and they call with a pipping "toolip". On the ground, they bob their heads when they spot something suspicious.

Ringed Plovers feed like other plovers with a short run followed by a quick tilt of their body to pick up insects or small creatures on or near the surface - a run-stop-tilt-stand action. They also use a special technique called 'foot-pattering' where they vibrate the mud with a foot to encourage worms to come to the surface. It is thought this mimics raindrops. They like to eat small insects, worms, crustaceans, shrimps, marine snails, beetles and spiders.

Most Ringed Plovers breed in the High Arctic. The British Ringed Plovers are the most southerly population and breed mainly near the coast, though recently some have moved inland to gravel pits to avoid being disturbed by noisy holiday makers. They nest on the ground amongst the stones. Nesting begins in April and the male prepares a scrape, then flies in a zigzag pattern over his territory, putting on a stiff-winged 'butterfly' display flight to attract a mate who lays 3-4 beautifully camouflaged eggs. The happy couple incubate the eggs until they hatch 23 days later. The youngsters feed themselves and can fly after 24 days, quickly becoming independent. Mum and dad will often have two or three broods.

About 5,400 pairs of Ringed Plover breed in Britain, with the largest populations being on the Scottish islands where there are fewer people. Their main threat is nest disturbance by dog walkers and holiday makers on the beach. As many as 70% now breed on nature reserves or protected sites where people are kept away. A further 36,000 Ringed Plovers overwinter here between September and April.

Their Latin name is 'charadrius hiaticula' where 'charadrius' is from the Ancient Greek 'kharadrios' for a bird found in ravines and river valleys ('kharadra' means 'ravine') and 'hiaticula' is from the Latin 'hiatus' for 'cleft' and '-cola' for 'dweller'. A double ravine dweller. I suppose ravines are stony.

Knots, sometimes called Red Knots, gather in large flocks in winter on mud flats close to the water’s edge. They take off and swirl around in tightly packed formations, twisting and turning, flashing grey and white when pushed off by the tide or spooked. Flocks can be as big as 10,000 or more and it is rare to see one on its own.

A Knot is a plump, dumpy looking wader with a short neck and black legs. In summer, it has brick red underparts, and a spangled grey back. In winter, it has white underparts and is a plainer grey. Their black bill is short and straight, and there is a short, pale stripe over the eye. In flight it shows a plain rump and very faint wing bar. Their call is a quiet "knut".

Knots feed slowly in close groups, probing their bills in the mud and sand. They have special sensory organs in their bill tips which help them detect food similar to the way echo location works in bats. They mainly eat insects, snails, molluscs and crustaceans found in the ground.

Most Knots seen in Britain breed in Arctic Greenland. They have to breed fast during the short Arctic summer. The nest is a shallow scrape lined with leaves, lichen and moss. The male constructs three to five nests in his territory, prior to the arrival of the female, who picks one and lays 3-4 eggs which hatch after 21 days. Both parents take turns incubating the eggs. Within a day of hatching, mum, dad and the kids move away from the nest to forage for food. Mum usually leaves in August, before the youngsters can fly, and dad looks after them until they are fully independent, about 20 days later. Dad and the youngsters migrate south separately in long, almost non-stop flights, only stopping at traditional sites to feed and moult before flying on. They can travel up to 15,000 km and lose up to 80% of their body weight during these long journeys. Over 320,000 Knots overwinter here between September and March.

Their Latin name is 'calidris canutus' where 'calidris' is from the Ancient Greek 'kalidris', a term used by Aristotle for some grey-coloured waterside birds. The 'canutus' comes from King Canute, the 10th century Viking King of England, who put his throne on the beach and commanded the tide not to come in. The tide came in and Canute had to move out of the way, just like the Knots do. Their English name 'Knot' is from the grunting sound of their call.

The Oystercatcher is a distinctive black and white wader with a big orange carrot stuck on its head. We call them 'Carrot-Heads'. Despite its name, they don’t feed that much on oysters. Though, with their powerful bill, they can open them. Large flocks form in winter and can be seen and heard around most of the British coast.

The Oystercatcher is one of our largest waders with long red legs and a long orange-red bill. It has a broad white wing bar on its black wings when flying and a white 'V' on its rump. They can develop a white 'chinstrap' in winter. An Oystercatcher moults its flight feathers symmetrically, never more than two at a time, so it can always fly. The young look similar but have brown fringes to the feathers on their back. The call is a strident, piping "k-peep! k-peep!" and is hard to miss as they whizz by.

Oystercatchers feed mostly on shellfish, especially cockles, which they prise or jab open with their powerful bill. They will also eat worms, limpets and mussels. Depending on their family's food preference, their bill shape varies. Oystercatchers with broad bill tips open molluscs by prising them apart or hammering through the shell. Ones with a more pointed-bill dig up worms. Individual birds specialise in one technique or the other, which they learn from their parents.

When establishing breeding territories, they put on an impressive piping display and sometimes up to thirty Oystercatchers will come together in 'piping parties' as they fly side-by-side, calling loudly. They nest in the open on the ground on moorland or shingle beaches. Recently some have nested on inland gravel pits. Their 3 eggs hatch after 24 days and both parents feed the youngsters, which can fly 28 days later. They are not fully independent until 26 weeks old. The Oystercatcher parents differ from most waders by feeding their young instead of letting them fend for themselves. In the winter, they leave their inland breeding sites and move to the coast, some travelling as far as Southern Europe.

There are 110,000 summer breeding pairs in Britain, with most located from the Pennines northwards. In winter, further birds arrive from Iceland, Norway and Northern Europe, swelling the numbers to 340,000. They are mainly found on the coast, especially where there are not too many people to make fun of their carrot heads. Icelandic and Scottish birds generally winter on the west coast whereas European birds prefer the east coast. Oystercatchers return to their breeding territories in March. They are Amber listed as numbers have fallen in recent years. Because of their large numbers and easily identified behaviour Oystercatchers are an important indicator species for the health of the ecosystems where they feed. The oldest ringed bird lived to a ripe old age of 35.

Their Latin name is 'haematopus ostralegus' from the Ancient Greek 'haima' for 'blood' and 'pous' for 'foot', referring to their red legs. The 'ostralegus' comes from the Latin 'ostrea' meaning 'oyster' and 'legere' meaning 'to gather'. A red-legged oyster gatherer. Mark Catesby gave them the English name 'Oystercatcher' in 1731 when he thought he saw them eating oysters. Eyesight wasn’t good in those days.